Postpandemic Sentinel Surveillance of Respiratory Diseases in the Context of the World Health Organization Mosaic Framework: Protocol for a Development and Evaluation Study Involving the English Primary Care Network 2023-2024.

BACKGROUND: Prepandemic sentinel surveillance focused on improved management of winter pressures, with influenza-like illness (ILI) being the key clinical indicator. The World Health Organization (WHO) global standards for influenza surveillance include monitoring acute respiratory infection (ARI) and ILI. The WHO's mosaic framework recommends that the surveillance strategies of countries include the virological monitoring of respiratory viruses with pandemic potential such as influenza. The Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioner Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) in collaboration with the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has provided sentinel surveillance since 1967, including virology since 1993. OBJECTIVE: We aim to describe the RSC's plans for sentinel surveillance in the 2023-2024 season and evaluate these plans against the WHO mosaic framework. METHODS: Our approach, which includes patient and public involvement, contributes to surveillance objectives across all 3 domains of the mosaic framework. We will generate an ARI phenotype to enable reporting of this indicator in addition to ILI. These data will support UKHSA's sentinel surveillance, including vaccine effectiveness and burden of disease studies. The panel of virology tests analyzed in UKHSA's reference laboratory will remain unchanged, with additional plans for point-of-care testing, pneumococcus testing, and asymptomatic screening. Our sampling framework for serological surveillance will provide greater representativeness and more samples from younger people. We will create a biomedical resource that enables linkage between clinical data held in the RSC and virology data, including sequencing data, held by the UKHSA. We describe the governance framework for the RSC. RESULTS: We are co-designing our communication about data sharing and sampling, contextualized by the mosaic framework, with national and general practice patient and public involvement groups. We present our ARI digital phenotype and the key data RSC network members are requested to include in computerized medical records. We will share data with the UKHSA to report vaccine effectiveness for COVID-19 and influenza, assess the disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus, and perform syndromic surveillance. Virological surveillance will include COVID-19, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other common respiratory viruses. We plan to pilot point-of-care testing for group A streptococcus, urine tests for pneumococcus, and asymptomatic testing. We will integrate test requests and results with the laboratory-computerized medical record system. A biomedical resource will enable research linking clinical data to virology data. The legal basis for the RSC's pseudonymized data extract is The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002, and all nonsurveillance uses require research ethics approval. CONCLUSIONS: The RSC extended its surveillance activities to meet more but not all of the mosaic framework's objectives. We have introduced an ARI indicator. We seek to expand our surveillance scope and could do more around transmissibility and the benefits and risks of nonvaccine therapies.

Hepatitis C screening in Lithuania: first-year results and scenarios for achieving WHO elimination targets.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) has outlined a set of targets to achieve eliminating hepatitis C by 2030. In May 2022, Lithuanian health authorities initiated a hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening program to start working towards elimination. In the program, bonus was given to general practitioners (GPs) to promote and conduct anti-HCV tests for two situations: (1) one time testing for individuals born in 1945-1994 and (2) annual HCV testing for persons who inject drugs or are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) regardless of age. This study aimed to model the current viral hepatitis C epidemiological status in Lithuania and to outline the requirements for WHO elimination targets using the first-year HCV screening results. METHODS: Individuals were invited to participate in the anti-HCV screening by GPs during routine visits. Patients who tested positive were then referred to a gastroenterologist or infectious disease doctor for further confirmatory testing. If a patient received a positive RNA test and a fibrosis staging result of ≥ F2, the doctor prescribed direct-acting antivirals. Information on the patients screened, diagnosed, and treated was obtained from the National Health Insurance Fund. The Markov disease progression model, developed by the CDA Foundation, was used to evaluate the screening program results and HCV elimination progress in Lithuania. RESULTS: Between May 2022 and April 2023, 790,070 individuals underwent anti-HCV testing, with 11,943 individuals (1.5%) receiving positive results. Anti-HCV seroprevalence was found to be higher among males than females, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. Within the risk population tested, 2087 (31.1%) seropositive individuals were identified. When comparing the screening program results to WHO elimination targets through modelling, 2180 patients still need to be treated annually until 2030, along with expanding fibrosis restrictions. If an elimination approach was implemented, 1000 new infections would be prevented, while saving 150 lives and averting 90 decompensated cirrhosis cases and 110 hepatocellular carcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS: During the first year of the Lithuanian screening program, GPs were able to screen 44% of the target population. However, the country will not meet elimination targets as it currently stands without increasing treatment levels and lifting fibrosis restrictions.

Health workforce strategies during COVID-19 response: insights from 15 countries in the WHO Africa Region.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic unveiled huge challenges in health workforce governance in the context of public health emergencies in Africa. Several countries applied several measures to ensure access to qualified and skilled health workers to respond to the pandemic and provide essential health services. However, there has been limited documentation of these measures. This study was undertaken to examine the health workforce governance strategies applied by 15 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Region in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We extracted data from country case studies developed from national policy documents, reports and grey literature obtained from the Ministries of Health and other service delivery agencies. This study was conducted from October 2020 to January 2021 in 15 countries - Angola, Burkina Faso, Chad, Eswatini, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. RESULTS: All 15 countries had national multi-sectoral bodies to manage the COVID-19 response and a costed national COVID-19 response plan. All the countries also reflected human resources for health (HRH) activities along the different response pillars. These activities included training for health workers, and budget for the recruitment or mobilization of additional health workers to support the response, and for provision of financial and non-financial incentives for health workers. Nine countries recruited additional 35,812 health workers either on a permanent or temporary basis to respond to the COVID-19 with an abridged process of recruitment implemented to ensure needed health workers are in place on time. Six countries redeployed 3671 health workers to respond to the COVID-19. The redeployment of existing health workers was reported to have impacted negatively on essential health service provision. CONCLUSION: Strengthening multi-sector engagement in the development of public health emergency plans is critical as this promotes the development of holistic interventions needed to improve health workforce availability, retention, incentivization, and coordination. It also ensures optimized utilization based on competencies, especially for the existing health workers.

The Need to Widen the Concept of Health and to Include the Spiritual Dimension.

For many, the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health does not reflect their own understanding of health, because it lacks aspects such as spiritual wellbeing. Responding to these concerns, the WHO called in 2023 for a vision of health that integrates physical, mental, psychological, emotional, spiritual, and social wellbeing. To date, medical practitioners are often reluctant to consider spiritual aspects, because of a perceived lack of statistical evidence about the strength of relations. Research on this topic is emerging. A recent study among 800 young people living with HIV in Zimbabwe showed how study participants navigated three parallel, at times contradicting health systems (religious, traditional, medical). Conflicting approaches led to multifaceted dilemmas (= spiritual struggles), which were significantly related to poorer mental and physical health. This illustrates the need for inclusion of spiritual aspects for health and wellbeing in research, and of increased collaboration between all stakeholders in healthcare.

Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) with Ring Sideroblasts or SF3B1 Mutations: The Improved Clinical Utility of World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification 2022 Definitions, a Single-Centre Retrospective Chart Review.

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (RS) are diagnosed via bone marrow aspiration in the presence of either (i) ≥15% RS or (ii) 5-14% RS and an SF3B1 mutation. In the MEDALIST trial and in an interim analysis of the COMMANDS trial, lower-risk MDS-RS patients had decreased transfusion dependency with luspatercept treatment. A total of 6817 patients with suspected hematologic malignancies underwent molecular testing using a next-generation-sequencing-based genetic assay and 395 MDS patients, seen at our centre from 1 January 2018 to 31 May 2023, were reviewed. Of these, we identified 39 evaluable patients as having lower-risk MDS with SF3B1 mutations: there were 20 (51.3%) males and 19 (48.7%) females, with a median age of 77 years (range of 57 to 92). Nineteen (48.7%) patients had an isolated SF3B1 mutation with a mean variant allele frequency of 35.2% +/- 8.1%, ranging from 7.4% to 46.0%. There were 29 (74.4%) patients with ≥15% RS, 6 (15.4%) with 5 to 14% RS, one (2.6%) with 1% RS, and 3 (7.7%) with no RS. Our study suggests that a quarter of patients would be missed based on the morphologic criterion of only using RS greater than 15% and supports the revised 2022 definitions of the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Consensus Classification (ICC), which shift toward molecularly defined subtypes of MDS and appropriate testing.

Effects of methane emissions on multiple myeloma-related mortality rates: A World Health Organization perspective.

In this research, it was aimed to evaluate effects of methane emissions on multiple myeloma related mortality rates. Two countries in Europe (Germany and Netherlands) and 1 country for each region (Turkey, USA, Brazil, Egypt, and Australia) were selected within The World Health Organization Database. Multiple myeloma mortality rates of countries between 2009 and 2019 were used as dependent variable of the research. Methane emission level and agriculture methane levels of countries were used as independent variables from The World Bank Database. Current health expenditure and healthy life expectancy were used as controlling variables. Multiple myeloma-related mortality rate was the highest in the USA, followed by Germany, Brazil, Turkey, Australia, Netherlands, and Egypt. Difference analysis results were significant (P < .05). Methane and agriculture methane emissions were the highest in the USA. Multiple myeloma mortality was positively correlated with methane emissions (R = 0.504; P < .01), agricultural methane emissions (R = 0.705; P < .01), and current health expenditure (R = 0.528; P < .01). According to year and country controlled correlation analysis results, multiple myeloma mortality (MMM) was positively correlated with methane emissions (R = 0.889; P < .01), agricultural methane emissions (R = 0.495; P < .01), and current health expenditure (R = 0.704; P < .01). Methane emission (B = 0.01; P < .05), Germany (B = 9010.81; P < .01), the USA (B = 26516.77; P < .01), and Brazil (B = 4886.14; P < .01) had significant effect on MMM. Nonagricultural methane production has an increasing effect on MMM. Therefore, by looking at the differences between agricultural methane emissions and general methane emissions, studies can be conducted that allow for more effective global comparisons.

Guidelines for tuberculosis screening and preventive treatment among pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV in PEPFAR-supported countries.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for persons living with HIV, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. Given the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)'s investment in TPT services for persons living with HIV as a strategy to prevent TB as well as uncertainty in guidelines and policy regarding use of TPT during pregnancy and the postpartum period, we conducted a review of current relevant national guidelines among PEPFAR-supported countries. METHODS: Our review included 44/49 PEPFAR-supported countries to determine if TB screening and TPT are recommended specifically for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV (WLHIV). National guidelines reviewed and abstracted included TB, HIV, prevention of vertical HIV transmission, TPT, and any other relevant guidelines. We abstracted information regarding TB screening, including screening tools and frequency; and TPT, including timing, regimen, frequency, and laboratory monitoring. RESULTS: Of 44 PEPFAR-supported countries for which guidelines were reviewed, 66% were high TB incidence countries; 41% were classified by WHO as high TB burden countries, and 43% as high HIV-associated TB burden countries. We found that 64% (n = 28) of countries included TB screening recommendations for pregnant WLHIV in their national guidelines, and most (n = 35, 80%) countries recommend TPT for pregnant WLHIV. Fewer countries included recommendations for breastfeeding as compared to pregnant WLHIV, with only 32% (n = 14) mentioning TB screening and 45% (n = 20) specifically recommending TPT for this population; most of these recommend isoniazid-based TPT regimens for pregnant and breastfeeding WLHIV. However, several countries also recommend isoniazid combined with rifampicin (3RH) or rifapentine (3HP). CONCLUSIONS: Despite progress in the number of PEPFAR-supported countries that specifically include TB screening and TPT recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding WLHIV in their national guidelines, many PEPFAR-supported countries still do not include specific screening and TPT recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding WLHIV.

Trajectory of COVID-19 response and management strategy in China: scientific rationale driven strategy adjustments.

The pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection in early December 2019, which was later named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO), rapidly spread across the world. China has made extraordinary efforts to this unprecedented pandemic, put its response and control at a very high level of infectious disease management (Category B but with measures for Category A), given top priority to the people and their lives, and balanced the pandemic control and socio-economic development. After more than three years' fighting against this disease, China downgraded the management of COVID-19 to Category B infectious disease on January 8, 2023 and the WHO declared the end of public health emergency on May 5, 2023. However, the ending of pandemic does not mean that the disease is no longer a health threat. Experiences against COVID-19 from China and the whole world should be learned to prepare well for the future public health emergencies. This article gives a systematic review of the trajectory of COVID-19 development in China, summarizes the critical policy arrangements and provides evidence for the adjustment during policy making process, so as to share experiences with international community and contribute to the global health for all humanity.

Gait speed and its associated factors among older black adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from the WHO study on Global AGEing in older adults (SAGE).

Gait speed is an essential predictor of functional and cognitive decline in older adults. The study aimed to investigate the gait speed of older adults in Ghana and South Africa and to determine its associated factors, as the Sub-Saharan representatives in the World Health Organization's Study on Global AGEing in Older Adults (SAGE). A secondary analysis of data from the SAGE study which consists of nationally representative data involving participants aged ≥50+ years with smaller samples of younger adults aged 18-49 years in Ghana and South Africa was conducted. SAGE study employed a multistage, stratified clustered sample design and involved the use of a standardised questionnaire to obtain participants' (n = 5808) demographic, anthropometric and gait speed information. The standard 4 metre-gait speed was used. Median gait speed for the study group, which comprised African/Black participants aged ≥50+ years was 0.769(Q1 = 0.571, Q3 = 0.952)m/s for males and 0.667 (Q1 = 0.500,Q3 = 0.833)m/s for females. For every unit increase in age, the odds of being in a higher-ranked gait speed category was 0.96(95%CI 0·96, 0·97, p<0.001) times that of the previous age. Females had odds of 0.55 (95%CI 0.50, 0.61, p<0.001) of recording higher gait speed, as compared to males. Rural dwellers had odds of 1.43 (95%CI 1.29, 1.58, p < 0.001) of being in a higher-ranked category of gait speed compared to urban dwellers. Underweight (OR = 0.85, 95%C1 = 0.73-1.00, p<0.05) and obesity (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.46-0.61, p<0.001) were associated with slower gait speed. Amongst functional indices, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) score was the biggest determinant of gait speed. Having a "Severe/Extreme" WHODAS score had the strongest association with gait speed (OR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.14-0.23, p<0.001). These gait speed results provide an essential reference for older adults' care in Ghana and South Africa.

[International Classification of Health Interventions of World Health Organization as the basis for a new nomenclature of medical rehabilitation services]. / Mezhdunarodnaya klassifikatsiya meditsinskikh vmeshatel'stv Vsemirnoi organizatsii zdravookhraneniya kak osnova novoi nomenklatury uslug po meditsinskoi reabilitatsii.

The development of health care system, including medical rehabilitation, in the Russian Federation is required updating nomenclature of simple and complex medical services and establishing its detailed list. The latter should integrate international experience and features of domestic health care system. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the structure of International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) of World Health Organization (WHO) and the possibilities of its practical application in domestic medical rehabilitation system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The role of ICHI and its structural logical correlations with other classifications of the WHO international classifications section has been determined. Analysis of ICHI application areas, comparison of ICHI codes and new nomenclature of medical services were performed. RESULTS: Analysis of ICHI and new nomenclature project of medical services in the Russian Federation showed, that ICHI formed the basis for the development of a new medical services nomenclature, including a section on medical rehabilitation. The basic principles of ICHI (structure by axes: aim, action, means; codes uniqueness; hierarchical method of classification formation) and ICHI fragment associated with purposes for systems and organism functions are presented in the new nomenclature of medical services. It has been established that ICHI can be a basis for developing domestic list of rehabilitation services, the formation of which is planned in the near future. CONCLUSION: The development of medical services nomenclature in the Russian Federation will significantly increase the availability, funding and effectiveness of medical rehabilitation assistance.

Compliance with World Health Organization COVID-19 preventive behaviors in rural counties in Western Kenya: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended various measures to tackle COVID-19, and were adopted by many governments, targeting behavior change among citizens to lower the transmission. There was a paucity of data on the patterns of compliance with different measures within individuals and whether people adhere to all recommended measures or cautiously prefer few but not others. Understanding compliance behaviors and associated factors is important for developing interventions to increase compliance. Methods: cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in the western region of Kenya. A sample of 806 participants was selected using a stratified sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the participants. Compliance was assessed with six behaviors: hand sanitation, proper hygiene, no handshaking, social distancing, and other guidelines. Latent analysis was used to identify behavioral patterns. Descriptive statistics were used to assess demographic characteristics, in terms of frequency distribution, and percentages. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between demographic characteristics and compliance level. Results: compliance was highest for masking (85.3%), and was lowest for social distancing (60.2%). The majority of participants were found to be full compliers (class 1: 40.5%), there was an increased probability of full compliance among those aged between 18-30 years (OR= 1.042; 95% CI: 0.307-13.052, p < 0.040) compared to those aged ≥70. Conclusion: using facemasks had the highest rate of compliance, followed by hand sanitization and proper hygiene. However, overall, the findings showed that while compliance with some protocol behaviors is high, individuals comply consistently across recommended compliance behaviors.

Which Drugs Should Be on the Essential Medicines List?

The World Health Organization (WHO) published its first Essential Medicines List (EML) in 1977, and it is updated biennially. One might reasonably think drugs on the EML are there because they are critical to effective, evidence-based patient care and intervention. One might not reasonably guess, however, that a particular drug's supply chain vulnerabilities that make it a shortage risk would contribute to a drug's listing on the EML. This commentary on a case first describes why the WHO makes the EML and suggests reasons why it might be important to consider a drug's shortage risk when revising and updating it. This commentary also suggests how distinguishing "essential" drugs from "vulnerable" drugs could bolster supply chain resiliency and mitigate drug shortages' disruptions to patient care.

[Mental health worldwide: commentary on the WHO 2022 Report]. / La salute mentale nel mondo: commento al rapporto OMS 2022.

We report in this issue a contribution by Benedetto Saraceno, published in Salute Internazionale (https://www.saluteinternazionale.info), commenting on the WHO 2022 report on mental health in the world. The comment highlights the progresses but also the presence, beyond declarations of principle, of large psychiatric institutions. There is still a long way to go to defend the rights of people with psychiatric problems.

Longitudinal associations of meeting the WHO physical activity guidelines and physical fitness, from preschool to childhood.

There is a well-established relationship between physical activity (PA) and physical fitness in children, being the latter an important marker for present and future health; however, there is still insufficient knowledge for the transition from the preschool age to early childhood. Therefore, this study in Swedish children aimed to investigate the estimated effect of meeting the aerobic component of the PA guidelines at 4 and/or 9 years of age on physical fitness measured at 9 years of age. PA was assessed using a wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometer and identical data processing in 217 healthy children in Sweden (114 boys and 103 girls). Physical fitness test included cardiorespiratory (20 m shuttle run test), motor (4 × 10 m shuttle run), and muscular fitness (hand grip strength and long jump). A linear mixed model was run, investigating the interaction between meeting the PA guidelines and time (either 4 or 9 years of age) and each fitness component (at 4 and 9). Interactions by sex were also checked. Meeting the PA guidelines consistently (at 4 and 9 years) was significantly associated to better performance in physical fitness parameters for motor fitness (-0.76 s, p < 0.001) and lower body muscular fitness (+4.6 cm; p < 0.001) at 9 years. There was an interaction between meeting the PA guidelines and time point, for cardiorespiratory fitness (+4.58 laps; p < 0.001). This study shows that meeting the PA guidelines at 4 and 9 years of age is associated to higher physical fitness at 9 years of age.

Survey of lived experiences and challenges in hepatitis B management and treatment.

Almost 300 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B infection worldwide and most remain undiagnosed and at risk for liver cancer. In 2015 the World Health Organization (WHO) developed guidelines for the prevention, care, and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B and in early 2023 began to work on updating these guidelines. In March 2023, a self-administered, anonymous online survey was launched, aiming to identify patient preferences related to the clinical management of hepatitis B including current management, treatment, and care experiences, preferences regarding engagement with providers, and preferences related to simplifying hepatitis B care access. A sample of 560 individuals living with hepatitis B (self-identified as HBsAg positive) from 76 countries completed the survey. Key findings demonstrated that less than half (49%, N = 268) of participants regularly visited a doctor to check the health of their liver (every 6-12 months), with 37% of participants prescribed antiviral medication by a specialist (82%, N = 167) or general practitioner (13%, N = 26). Participants reported not being actively involved in care decision making with their providers (42%, N = 217), with an overwhelming majority wanting to participate in hepatitis B management and treatment choices (85%, N = 435). Participants provided qualitative and quantitative details using open-ended responses within the survey about challenges with medication affordability and receiving care from a knowledgeable provider. Overall findings demonstrated key gaps in care, management, and treatment access related to hepatitis B: identifying these gaps can be used to identify areas for improvement along the care continuum for viral hepatitis. The survey found a need for the comprehensive simplification of clinical management and health care services related to hepatitis B. A thematic analysis of the open-ended survey responses highlighted major overarching themes including the cost and access burdens associated with hepatitis B management and treatment, and challenges in finding knowledgeable providers. Results from this mixed methods survey were used to inform the WHO hepatitis B guidelines update. Efforts should continue to explore public health approaches to address barriers and facilitators to testing, care, and treatment for people with hepatitis B to improve awareness of hepatitis B and access, care, and treatment among patients and providers.

WHO's end of TB targets: unachievable by 2035 without addressing under nutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness: trend analysis from 2015 to 2022.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, despite the World Health Organization (WHO) actively working towards its eradication through various initiatives and programs. Undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness worsen TB's burden and challenge control efforts; however, there is still no adequate research that shows the trend of these underlying factors to attain the WHO's ambitious TB targets. So, this study aims to analyze the trend analysis of these underlying factors worldwide from 2015 to 2022 and their impact on the feasibility and implications of reaching the End TB targets by 2035. We utilized international databases, including UNHCR, FAO, and WHO reports, as secondary data sources. Data were extracted chronologically from 2015 to 2022 to illustrate trends in undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness on a global level.This trend analysis reveals that undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness have worsened over time. Undernutrition rose from 8.4 to 9.8% globally between 2015 and 2021, affecting 22.7 million additional individuals each year. In 2022, undernutrition affected 735 million people globally. Africa (21.9%) and Asia (10.6%) had the highest rates, while Western Europe and North America had lower rates than the global average: 3.4% and 2.5%, respectively.Similarly, the global rate of forced displacement increased from 65.1 million people in 2015 to 108.4 million in 2022, a 21% increase from 2021. This means that an extra 19 million people were displaced in 2021. Globally, homelessness, affecting 1.6 billion people, has worsened over time. Despite being a highly vulnerable group to TB, homeless individuals are often neglected in TB control efforts. Our findings underscore the critical importance of addressing undernutrition, forced displacement, and homelessness in achieving the World Health Organization's ambitious End TB targets by 2035, as highlighted through trend analysis from 2015 to 2022. Implementing policies focusing on nutrition, stable housing, and the challenges faced by displaced populations is imperative for progress toward a TB-free world.

[Interpretation of myeloid neoplasms in the 5th WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors].

The 5th edition of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors ß version had been released online, in which the section of myeloid neoplasms had undergone significant changes in the classification framework,standards of diagnosis and classification criteria. The principle of comprehensive diagnosis based on clinicopathologic multi-parameter was maintained, especially strengthening the priority importance of biological features in diagnosis and classification, and highlighting the biological characteristics of the disease and thus providing the basis for targeted treatment and prognostic evaluation. This article introduces the main updates and changes in the myeloid neoplasms of the 5th edition of the WHO haematolymphoid tumor classification, in order to better understand and guide clinical diagnosis and therapeutic treatment in the future.